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  Developing and measuring psychometrics of Oncology Nurses’ Spiritual Wellbeing Scale     Khorami Markani A [1] , Yagmaei F [2] *, Khodayari Fard M [3] , Alavi Majd H [4]     Received: 26 Sep, 2011 Accepted: 5 Dec, 2011     Abstract   Background & Aims : In spiritual wellbeing status, a person finds meaning, purpose and values of his/her life. In order to provide holistic nursing care to cancerous patients, oncology nurses should establish balance in their personal and professional life and be aware of their spiritual wellbeing state. There hasn’t developed any instrument congruent to social and cultural status of Muslim oncology nurses in Iran. The aim of this study was developing and measuring psychometrics of oncology nurses’ spiritual wellbeing scale.   Materials & Methods : This methodological study was carried out in two stages. In qualitative section, we interviewed as semi structured form with 24 oncology nurses and established a focus group session in order to develop scale items. In quantitative part we assessed content, face, construct, and criterion validity as well as internal consistency and stability of scale.   Result : Qualitative content analysis yielded 245 items that were mixed with 100 items from literature. After applying CVI and CVR, the number of scale items reduced to 78 items. Exploratory factor analysis specified 5 principal components that explained the 48.5 % of variance. The correlation scores between developed scale and Paloutzian and Ellison spiritual wellbeing scale (1983) were estimated 0.48. The internal consistency (alpha cronbach coefficient) and stability reliability (test- retest) were 0.84, 0.66, respectively.   Conclusion: Oncology Nurses’ Spiritual Wellbeing Scale with high validity and reliability can be used to assess nurses' spiritual wellbeing especially oncology nurses.   Key words: Spirituality, Spiritual wellbeing, Oncology Nurses, Psychometric Properties     Address: Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran , Iran Tel : (+98) 9121579624   Email: Farideh_Y2002@yahoo.com   [1] PhD Student in Nursing, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran   [2] Associate Professor of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (Corresponding Author)   [3] Professor of Psychology, Tehran University, Tehran, Iran  [4] Associate Professor of Biostatistics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

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PATIENT-CENTERED COMMUNICATION BARRIERS: EXPERIENCES OF PATIENTS WITH CANCER, THEIR FAMILY MEMBERS AND NURSES Rassouli M ,Zamanzadeh V ,Abbaszadeh A ,Nikanafar AR ,Alavi-Majd H , Mirza Ahmadi F ,Ghahramanian A * Received: 28 Aug, 2013 Accepted: 2 Nov, 2013 Abstract Background & Aims: It is suggested that nurses unable to communicate with patients based on the needs and preferences and to individualize relationship with their patients so that dissatisfaction of patient is the most important outcome of this issue. This study was conducted for detecting patient-centered communication barriers based on experiences of patients with cancer, their family members and nurses. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted with a conventional content analysis approach with nine patients, three family members and five nurses in oncology wards of Tabriz hospitals. Data was collected through purposive sampling by semi-structured deep interviews and analyzed simultaneously. Robustness of data analysis was evaluated by the participants and external control. Results: Despite the willingness of patients and nurses for patient-centered communication, there are barriers that limit it. At the organizational context, workload and time imbalance, organizational culture: neglecting to nurses and patients needs, routine-based instead of patient-centeredness, extra shifts and lack of supervision and at the psychological context, emotional problems of patients due to cancer diagnosis and invasive treatments and sense of vulnerability in nurses resulted from emotionally and physically perilous sense of working with cancer patient was introduced. At the sociocultural context, language and gender differences, illiteracy, poor health literacy and misconceptions about therapeutic intimacy were identified. Conclusion: In order to communicate with cancer patients, change in philosophy and culture of care environment is essential. Nurses must receive proper trainings conform to their needs which focus on holistic and patient-centered approach. Nursing administrators must monitor the communication functions of the nurses and pay attention to the personal and emotional needs of them. Key words: cancer, patient-centered communication, barriers, qualitative content analysis Address: Nursing and Midwifery School, Kerman University of Medical sciences, Kerman, Iran Tel: (+98)09123879247 Email: ghahramaniana@gmail.com

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Received: 28 Nov, 2013 Accepted: 25 Jan , 2014 Abstract Background & Aims:  The care of the elderly is an important part of the  tasks of a professional nurse, that  may be influenced by many factors, including their attitudes toward aging. Some studies have reported that nursing students have negative attitudes towards the elderly and their care,  and  it seems that they are  not eager to care for the elderly in their career  choices. It is believed that this phenomenon greatly affects older adults. Therefore, it is proposed to create a positive attitude among nursing students, and they should therefore be exposed to  the conditions of clinical care of older people. Materials & Methods: This study was conducted to determine the effect of caring of the elderly  on nursing students’ attitude toward the elderliness. The study is a double-blind clinical trial with 54 participates. Sampling was done randomly. Students on their 8th semester (n=32) were assigned to the control group, and students on their 7th semester were in the intervention group (n=27). At first, all students completed a pre-test. Then, the intervention group were divided into 4 small sub-groups  with 6-7 individuals, and the control groups were divided into 4 small sub-groups with 8 individuals in each. To each of the intervention sub-groups, the care of an elderly person was designated  for a duration of 10 consecutive days. On the 11th day, the post- test was done. The data were analyzed by dispersion index, independent and paired t-test, ANOVA, chi-square and Fisher exact tests. Result: Before the intervention, the positive attitude of students who participated in the care of the elderly was 51/9%  which is reduced to 43% at the end of the intervention (p=0.53). In the control group, frequency of positive attitude increased from  48/1% to 81/3%. Conclusion: The care program of old patients  has negative effects on students' attitude toward elderly. However, it may also be associated with other factors such as health status of the patient, the nursing home residents, and their environment. 

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 an Investigation on the effect of chewing gum on gastrointestinal function after cesarean operation   Abasi Z [1] ,Alavi F [2] ,Salehian M [3] ,Rashidi Fakari F [4] *,Taherpour M [5] ,Farazmand T [6] ,Esmaili HO [7]      Received: 20 Feb , 201 4 Accepted: 28 Apr , 201 4   Abstract:   Background & aims: Chewing gum is a type of false nutritional capillaries of the nerve between the brain , and it stimulates the stomach and speed s the return of bowel function. This study investigated the effects of chewing gum on postoperative bowel movement after cesarean .   Materials & Methods: In this clinical trial, 92 pregnant women who have had cesarean section in Bent-al-Hoda hospital Bojnoord , were included in the study. Inclusion criteria included cesarean section without complications and emergencies . The subjects were randomly assigned in to two groups consumer group Gum n=46 , and control group n=46. Mothers receive d the sugar free chewing gum three times a day at 8, 14, 20 o’clock, the control group received a routine normal diet postoperative. All women marked in a check list their first feel of the movement of Prytalysm , their first feeling of flatus and sense of first stool . The obtained data were analyzed by SPSS 16.   Results: The mean age was 29 years, 46/6% of mothers didn’t graduate from high school, , %80/7 were housewives, 53/3% had female newborns and % 46/7 had male newborns. T test based on the time of bowel movements were significantly different between the two groups (p=0.04).   Conclusion : The new approach to the use of non-pharmaceutical medicine can be safe. Since chewing gum is a low risk method comparing to the complicated equipment s and training s.   Keywords : gum, caesarean, bowel movements  

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ASSOCIATIONS OF DEPRESSION AND PREECLAMPSIA DURING PREGNANCY Moafi F ,Dolatian M *,Keshavarz Z ,Alavi Majd H Received: 26 Mar, 2014 Accepted: 24 May, 2014 Abstract Background & Aims: Preeclampsia has remained as one of the most important obstetrical problems for which different factors have been suggested. Recently, psychopathologies identified many risk factors for preeclampsia, but few studies have focused on the relation between maternal mental health status and preeclampsia risk. The aim of this study was to determine the association between depression and incidence of preeclampsia in pregnant women admitted to Mahdieh Hospital, 2012. Materials & Methods In this case-control study, Beck Depression Inventory was used as data gathering tool. 190 pregnant women, 95 as case group (preeclampsia) and 95 as control group (healthy), who had inclusion criteria, were included in the study. All participants were selected based on target sampling method. Results: The results of this study showed that 81.1% of healthy and 76.8% of preeclamptic women had some levels of depression. 35.8% of healthy, and 34.7% of preeclamptic women had mild depression, 31.6% and 17.9% had moderate depression and 13.7% and 24.8% had severe depression respectively. Among cofounders, numbers of prenatal cares was controlled by entering in logistic regression. After adjusting for cofounders the effect of depression remained ineffective. Conclusion: Regarding the high prevalence of depression in pregnant women, midwives and health care worker's should pay attention to the psychological health of pregnant women during prenatal period, and depression screening and appropriate treatment should be emphasized. Keywords: preeclampsia, depression, pregnancy Address: School of Nursing & Midwifery, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Vali Asr Ave., Niayesh Cross Road, Niayesh Complex, Tehran, Iran, Tel: (+98)21-88655366 Email: mhdolatian@gmail.com

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  Does the Managers’ Delegation in the View of Nurses Affect the Job Satisfaction of Nurses?  Nabizadeh Girgozar Z[1],Atashzadeh SHorideh F[2]*,KHazaei N[3],Alavi Majd H[4],Hashemi MA[5]  Received: 22 Apr , 2014 Accepted: 25 June , 2014  Abstract Background &Aims: In recent years, job satisfaction, employee empowerment and participation in decision-making process is crucial issue for successions of organization. The aim of this study was to determine the correlation between Nursing Managers’ Delegation and Nurses’ job satisfaction from the Viewpoint of Nurses.   Materials &  Methods: This study is a descriptive – correlation study. Statistical data in this research includes nurses (2120 members) Working in Hospitals affiliated to Medical University of Isfahan. out of which 260 nurses were selected randomly. Data collection tools in this research are two questionnaires: the first one is "Delegation by Managers" designed by researchers, and the other one is "Herzberg job satisfaction" questionnaires .The data has been analyzed by statistical software named SPSS version 19.  Results: The findings of the study show that the nurses’ perspective (view) about Managers’ Delegation was 52.7%. In other words, it is in average level .In this study 8/33% of subject had was low level of Job satisfaction, 2/56 percent had average level of Job satisfaction, and 10% had high levels of Job satisfaction (7/41 ± 01/19). This study demonstrates there isn't significant positive relationship between age, marital status, education level, and work experience and job satisfaction and also there isn't significant positive relationship between Nursing Managers’ Delegation and nurses' job satisfaction.  Conclusion: Delegation is not an effective management tool to increase nurses' job satisfaction.  Keywords: Delegation, job satisfaction and nurse

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  Effects of Fenugreek Seed on the Severity of Dysmenorrhea   Younesy S [1] , Amiraliakbari S [2] *, Namazi M [3] , Esmaeili S [4] , Alavimajd H [5]     Received: 20 Jan, 2015 Accepted: 20 Apr, 2015  Abstract:   Background and Aims: In view of the high prevalence of primary dysmenorrhea and its undesirable consequences on the quality of life, and due to the anti-inflammatory properties of fenugreek, this study was carried out to examine the effect of fenugreek extract on primary dysmenorrhea.  Materials & Methods: The double blind clinical controlled study was conducted on 101 students at Shahid Beheshti University. Students were randomly assigned to two groups who received fenugreek (n=51) or placebo (n=50). For the first 3 days of menstruation, 2&minus3 capsules containing fenugreek seed powder (900 mg) were given to the subjects three times daily for two consecutive menstrual cycles. Pain severity was evaluated using a visual analog scale and systemic symptoms were assessed using a multidimensional verbal scale. The severity of the symptoms in each group and between the two groups was analyzed, respectively, with the Friedman and the Man-Whitney tests.  Results: Pain severity at baseline did not differ significantly between the two groups. Pain severity was significantly reduced in both groups after the intervention however, the fenugreek group experienced significantly larger pain reduction (p

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Received: 1 Oct, 2015 Accepted: 1 Dec, 2015 Background: Clinical decision making in professional nursing practice, distinguishes essential part of professional nursing care staff with that of unprofessional. Each factor in clinical decision making, had a significant effect on the quality of care and clinical decision-making process to identify the needs of patients, and it determines the nursing care. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the level of participation in clinical decision making by nurses in hospitals affiliated to Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study on 200 nurses working at the hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences. The samples were selected through stratified random sampling. The tools for data collection were personal data and standardized questionnaires to assess the activities of clinical decision making (PDAQ). Data were analysis with SPSS 19 software and descriptive test. Results: Statistical tests showed that the participation of nurses in clinical decision making in selected hospitals of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, were moderate (36.3), (p=0.001). The clinical decision making is influenced by factors such as age, sex, marital status, work experience and type of employment. Conclusions: The variables affecting nurses' participation in clinical decision making can be a way to improve clinical decision .Therefore, identification of factors in clinical decision making in this context can be helpful.

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Received: 08 Feb, 2016 Accepted: 04 May, 2016 Abstract Background& Amis: Self-efficacy as the main predictor of nurses’ behavior plays an important role in nurses’ professional behavior. However, the various aspects of this concept have not been taken into consideration. The present paper attempts to explore perceived self-efficacy of proficiency in pediatric nurses. Materials & Methods: This study is part of a larger study on the caring self-efficacy concept that was conducted through content analysis and from a qualitative approach in 2014 in Iran. 27 nurses and pediatric clinical instructors participated in this research according to the purposive sampling employed in the study. Data was collected through semi-structured interviews. The collected data was analyzed using conventional content analysis method. Results: The proficiency concept has two main categories “Technical Capabilities” including clinical skills, creativity in care, Atraumatic care, and “care based on professional knowledge” including Knowing That and Knowing How. Conclusions: This paper introduces “proficiency” as one of the most aspects of caring self-efficacy in pediatric nurses. This finding can be used by nursing administrators and instructors to help perceived self-efficacy of nurses, especially in the area of pediatric caring and to enhance quality of pediatric caring.

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Background & Aims: In addition to pain that the patients may have due to their chief complaint, painful and healing interventions are actions that can lead to affliction of the patients. The purpose of the present study was to determine the rate and kind of painful interventions and management methods of this pain in trauma patients in an emergency department. Materials & Methods: This study is a descriptive cross-sectional study that has performed on traumatic patients referred to emergency department in ten days consecutively. Patients recruited to study with continuous non-probability sampling and according to entrance criteria. One self-created checklist was used for data collecting. The researcher and related colleague presented in 24 hours in emergency department and filled the checklist. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS software, version 16. Results: The average age of 400 participants was 35.4 that 326 (81.7%) were male. The average of pain severity before and after painful procedure was 6.35±2.69 and 5.57±2.6 respectively that Paired T test showed significant difference between those measures (p=0.000). Totally for 245(%61.2) patients painful interventions were performed. Suture was the most painful intervention (%21.8). Conclusion: Procedural pain is prevalent in emergency department and severity of this pain is moderate so it is necessary to implement more and comprehensive studies about procedural pain and management of this pain. Measures should be taken to pain management of interventions, their variety and quantity, with regard to the complications and limitations of each method.  

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Background & Aim: Nurses, with the onset of work in the hospital, have different experiences from the time of education and apprenticeship, and each of them tries to adapt and adapt themselves to the conditions of the work environment. This research explains the adaptation of newly arrived nurses in the hospital environment. Materials & Methods: This is a qualitative study in which the required data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 11 nurses entering the hospital from May 2014 to July 2014. Nurses were selected through targeted sampling from hospitals affiliated to Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. Recorded interviews were analyzed using content analysis methodology. Results: According to the interviewees, the five main concepts, including exposure to work environment conditions, professional imaging, underlying predictions, gap between the status quo, the role of the patient and colleagues, were extracted from the data. Conclusion: The results from research data suggest that newly arrived nurses face different challenges for adaptation in the workplace, and if they, as well as their associated managers, are better aware of these challenges. The transition from hospitalization to professionalization will be easier and less stressful and anxiety, which will provide better service and more effective communication that will increase the satisfaction of the service. Also, given the time and money spent on training nurses and their professionalization, they will ensure their survival in nursing care and their commitment to their service.  

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Background & Aims: Spiritual health is a basic dimension of well-being and overall health that coordinates other aspects of health. The present study was conducted to determine the spiritual health and some related factors during pregnancy. Materials & Methods: The present descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 200 pregnant women presenting to health centers in Qazvin, Iran in 2015. A multi-stage sampling was carried out and data were collected in a self-report manner using the Spiritual Well-Being Scale developed by Paloutzian and Ellison and a demographic and midwifery questionnaire. Data were analyzed in IBM-SPSS-20 and using analysis of variance and Tukey's test. Results: High spiritual health was observed in 69.5% of the participants, while 30.5% had moderate spiritual health. The overall mean score of spiritual health was 104.15±10.59, while that for religious health was 51.92±5.65 and for existential health was 57.3±6.36. A significant relationship was observed between spiritual health (Total score and subscales) and education, number of childbirths and family income, also a significant relationship was observed between subscales of spiritual health and grade of pregnancy (P0.05). Conclusion: According to this research, majority of mothers participating in this study had high spiritual health and some personal and prenatal characteristics were related to spiritual health, therefore, it is recommended to pay more attention to the spiritual and psychological dimensions of pregnant women along with other dimensions of health.  

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Background & Aims: Because of having relationships with the community and the patients, health care personnel need a thorough mental health to be able to continue their profession as a health care personnel. social  support  is an effective factors  in  mental  health,  And  to  help  them  cope  with  stressful  situations  and  anxiety, and trauma they experienced fewer. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the relationship between mental health and perceived social support of health service providers working in Isfahan. Materials and Methods: This descriptive-analytical investigation is a periodical type conducted on 400 of health service providers working in Isfahan health system in 2018. The two-step sampling method was randomly classified. Data were collected using a 3-part questionnaire including demographic data, mental health status for depression, stress and anxiety and social support assessment. The data were analyzed by use of spss, 24 version and by regression and analyzing coefficient correlation. Results: The mean age of participants were (3/8±6/38) years. In this study, mental health status has a significant and direct relationship with the score of perceived social support. The results showed that there was a inverse and significant correlation between age, child number, work experience and mental health (anxiety, depression and stress) with social support. (P

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Background & Aims: Supporting family caregivers of clients with mental illness, in addition to feeling relaxed and safe, will have a qualitative and quantitative impact on the type of care provided to their patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and security of family caregivers of clients with mental illness. Materials & Methods: In this qualitative study, 20 family caregivers of clients with mental illness and 29 service providers and policy-makers were selected through purposive sampling method and underwent semi-structured in-depth interviews. Data were analyzed inductively using conventional qualitative content analysis. Results: 675 codes were obtained and classified in 7 sub-categories and the sub-categories were grouped in 3 main categories. The main categories included “Sense of physical security”, “sense of legal security”, and “sense of social security”. Conclusion: The results indicated the challenging areas and important constituents of understanding the safety and security of family caregivers of clients with mental illness that require attention and consideration in social support development policies to support these family caregivers.

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Background & Aims: Feeling of loneliness has a high prevalence among medical students and may affect their physical, mental, and social health. Identifying the factors associated with feeling of loneliness can provide the information needed to design the interventions needed to prevent it. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the relationship between lifestyle and loneliness of the students in Urmia university of medical science. Materials & Methods: The present study was a correlational study in which 510 students of different fields of Urmia University of Medical Sciences were selected by stratified random sampling in 2019. Data were collected using the Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, the Revised UCLA Loneliness Scale (R-UCLA), and the Standard Lifestyle Questionnaire (LSQ). Then the data were analyzed using SPSS software version 20 using descriptive statistics and Spearman correlation coefficient test. Results: The prevalence of moderate and severe loneliness in this study was 33.5% and 40.3%, respectively. The results showed that from 510 people studied in this study, 89% of them had a strong-healthy lifestyle. The result of Spearman correlational test showed that there was a statistically significant relationship between lifestyle and loneliness (r = -26/26, P = 0.001). Conclusion: The results of this study emphasize the need to pay attention to the state of loneliness and lifestyle in the students, identify situations and causes of intensification of this feeling in this age group, and set up intervention programs to reduce it.

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Background & Aim: There is a close relationship between maternal and fetal thyroid function. Considering the effect of complications caused by thyroid disorders on pregnancy, the present study was conducted to determining the prevalence of thyroid disorders in pregnant women referring to health centers in Bojnurd.
Materials & Methods: In this descriptive study, 968 pregnant women under 20 weeks who visited Bojnord health centers for routine pregnancy care were included in the study as a census and were examined regarding serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Levels. TSH levels higher than 3.9 and lower than 0.2 milliunits per liter were considered hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, respectively. The results were analyzed using descriptive and chi-square tests.
Results: In this study, 15.7% of pregnant women had hypothyroidism and 1.5% had hyperthyroidism. The prevalence of hypothyroidism was higher in multiparous women than in primiparous women. Having a family history of thyroid disorders was related to serum TSH levels, but this relationship was not significant (P = 0.07). The chi-square test results showed no significant statistical difference between the studied variables in terms of suffering from thyroid disorders.
Conclusion: Considering the relatively high prevalence, complications, and risks of thyroid disorders in the mother and fetus, it is recommended to conduct studies in the future to identify the causes and factors affecting the prevalence of thyroid disorders, including environmental or nutritional factors in different regions.