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Background & Aims: An increasing trend in the rate of cesarean section has been observed during the past years. Due to the surgical complications, vaginal delivery is preferred as a favorite procedure. However, women's attitudes play an effective role in this regard. WHO reported that 15% of childbirths in the world have indication for cesarean section. The aim of the present study was to estimate the prevalence of selection of cesarean section and its contributing factors in the pregnant women in Marand.Materials & Methods: In this cross - sectional study by convenience sampling, 450 pregnant women were face to face interviewed in three primary health care centers, two obstetric clinic, and two midwifery clinics in Marand, 2007. The questionnaire included some questions regarding demographic characteristics, fertility history, selection of mode of delivery and its reasons. Chi square test and independent t - test were used for statistical analysis using SPSS 13 and CIA software’s.Results: In this study, 33.1% of all cases were selected cesarean section. Education, Previous history of cesarean section and referral place for control of pregnancy were associated with selection of mode of delivery (P

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THE EFFECT OF EMPLOYING CLINICAL EDUCATION ASSOCIATE MODEL ON CLINICAL LEARNING OF NURSING STUDENTS Mohammadpour Y* , Khalilzadeh H , Habibzadezadeh H , Ahangarzadeh Rezaee S , Rasooli D Received: 22 April, 2010 Accepted: 27 July, 2010 Abstract Background & Aims: Clinical teaching associate model enhances participation and collaboration between health care workers and instructors. It is essential to resolve the existing problems of clinical education such as low-level proficiency of nursing graduates in achieving essential competencies and skills at the end of nursing education. On the other hand, the necessity of employing new methods of education for promoting the quality of clinical education is obvious. This study was performed to investigate the effects of clinical education associate model on nursing students' learning compared with the present methods. Materials & Methods: In a quasi-experimental study, 30 students of nursing school were selected randomly. They were divided into two groups. The first group was taught by clinical education associate model and the second one by the current method. After two weeks of learning, the students' skill areas were evaluated using a questionnaire and checklist. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using independent t-test, paired t, Fisher, and Chi square test. Results: This study found differences between the case and control groups considering clinical skills between satisfaction of clinical nurses’ about students learning and satisfaction of nursing students from educators of both groups. Conclusion: Students’ clinical learning increased during clinical teaching associate method. It is recommended to increase students’ participation by applying active teaching methods providing opportunity for better learning. Keywords: Clinical education, Clinical education associate model, Learning, Nursing education Addresses: Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran. Tel :( +98) 4412752378 Email: mohammadpour_y@umsu.ac.ir

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  Competency- Based Mastery Learning: A Planned clinical experience for nursing students     Baghaei R [1] , Mohammadpour Y [2] *, Habibzade H [3] , Rasouli D [4] , Khalilzadeh H [5] , Jafarizadeh H [6]    Received: 2 May, 2011 Accepted: 6 July, 2011   Abstract  Background & Aims: Clinical education is one of the most important and crucial parts of nursing education. Successful clinical education needs to adopt effective and new approaches to be more helpful. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of competency-based mastery learning on practical learning of nursing students.  Materials & Methods: In a quasi-experimental study using pre-test and post-test with two group design, 28 nursing students were selected through census sampling method and placed randomly in two control and two experiment groups, each group containing six to seven people. After taking the cognitive skills pre-tests, the control group received traditional education and experiment group went under clinical education using competency-based mastery learning program for 12 days. As the final step, the post-test cognitive skills were held and behaviors skill checklist were observed. The data were analyzed by SPSS software using Wilcoxon and Mann Whitney tests and Pearson correlation coefficient.  Result: The findings showed that the participation of the competency-based mastery learning was effective in promoting their knowledge and skills. The mean scores differed significantly before and after participating in competency-based mastery learning. There also was a significant difference before and after clinical competency nurse training in traditional education group and competency-based mastery learning group.  Conclusion: Competency-based mastery learning promises high level of learning for students, it seems that competency-based mastery learning was structured to maximize opportunities for learning and professional development and clinical competency.  Keywords: Competency-based learning, Clinical education, Competency, Nursing students     Address: Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Tel: (+98) 441- 2752378   Email : Mohammadpour_y@umsu.ac.ir   [1] Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Surgery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran  [2] Instructor, Department of Medical Surgery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran (Corresponding Author )  [3] Assistant Professor, Department of Medical Surgery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran  [4] Instructor, Department of Medical Surgery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran  [5] Instructor, Department of Medical Surgery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran  [6] Instructor, Department of Medical Surgery, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran

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  The Effect of Active Learning Model on Cognitive and Clinical Skills among ICU Nursing Students     Baghaei R [1] , Mohammadpour Y [2] *, Naderi A [3] , Rasouli D [4] , Sheikhi N [5]     Received: 4 Sep, 2011 Accepted: 15 Nov, 2011     Abstract   Background & Aims : The clinical education and evaluation of nursing education is a fundamental pillar. This study aimed to assess the achievement of nursing students in clinical skills.   Materials & Methods : This quasi-experimental study was done on 28 nursing students who were passing ICU courses and they were selected by statistic sampling and then using simple randomization method to case and control group .pre and posttest for cognitive skills and clinical skills for both group, with questionnaire and clinical skills was conducted for the check list. At the end of the 28 students’ course, their clinical skills were evaluated through same check list by their educator.   Result : The mean scores of all ICU skills achieved by the experiment group whit competency based education were significantly higher than of the control group (P= 0.000

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  Effect of evidence-based nursing training on nursing students ability in executive skill of nursing process in Urmia University of Medical Sciences, 2013     Habibzadeh H [1] ,Khajehali N [2] *,Khalkhali HR [3] ,Mohammadpour Y [4]     Received: 2 Mar, 2013 Accepted: 4 May, 2013    Abstract  Background & Aims : Nursing process is the important pivot of nursing, and it is an icon of the art and science application in the prevention of disease and promotion and maintaining of health. The ultimate goal of nursing services is improving the quality of patient care. One of the most important ways to improve the quality of nursing care is using evidence-based nursing educations. This study examines the impact of evidence-based nursing education in executive skill of nursing process among nursing students.   Materials & Methods : This quasi-experimental study was conducted on 48 students of third semester in the academic year of 2012-2013 in Urmia. Data sampling was available, and it was randomly divided into two groups: control (24), and intervention (24). Students in the intervention group were trained in evidence-based nursing .They were evaluated how to write a nursing process in control and intervention groups by using a check list. The data was analyzed by using Chi2 , independent t test and Mann Whitney methods of SPSS software.  Results: The results of this study showed that the students' skills in nursing process based on evidence-based nursing education were better than the control group students (P

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  The Survey of Ethical among Nursing Students in urmia university of medical Science     Mohammadpour Y [1] *, Kazemi N [2] , Abbasi M [3] , Shams E [4]     Received: 28 Apr , 2013 Accepted: 2 Jul , 2013    Abstract  Background & Aims : E thics in nursing care is very important and professional competence. In nursing, ethics means that the nursing care is based on the principles of bioethics. However the ethical care and ethical competence in nursing students are important unanswered questions. More studies should be carried out in this regard.   Materials & Methods : This study is a qualitative study. 35 nursing students of the faculty of Nursing & Midwifery participated in the study. The interviews were analyzed by content analysis.   Results: The findings of the analysis were classified in four categories , including clinical environment , curriculum, teacher qualifications and academic knowledge in the field of professional ethics , motivation and interest of students to the nursing profession .   Conclusion: The findings indicated that the development of moral competence in nursing students and the same areas are effective. So the moral qualification barriers should be searched and managed in different dimensions.   Key words: Competence, Ethical competency, Nursing ethics, Nursing Students     Address: Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran   Tel: (+98) 441 2754961   Email : mohammadpour.yousef@gmail.com   [1] PhD Student in Medical Education, Department of nursing Education, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (Corresponding Author)   [2] MSN Student in Nursing Education, Urmia University of Medical Sciences   [3] Professor, Department of medical ethics shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran   [4] PhD Student in Medical ethics, Department of Department of medical ethics shahid beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran

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  Evaluation OF THE factors affecting students’ academic failure in Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 1390   Rahimi B [1] , Kazemi N [2] , Mohammadpour Y [3] , Rahmatnejad L [4] , Jabbari N [5] *      Received: 1 Jul , 2013 Accepted: 3 Sep , 2013      Abstract   Background & Aims : Academic failure of the students in higher education is one of the major problems. This study aims to examine the factors affecting Academic failure of the college students at Urmia Medical University.   Materials & Methods : This descriptive - analytical study in which 165 students from the Faculty of Paramedical Sciences,Urmia University of Medical Sciences were selected by cluster sampling. The field of interest of the students included different disciplines such as radiology, laboratory science, health technology, anesthesiology, and the operating room. Demographic characteristics and attitudes of students with academic failure factors were collected by a researcher made questionaiere.   Results: The results showed that the academic failure was most frequent among anesthesiology students comparing to other courses. E conomic status, and unsuitable study hours were the major factors of academic failure according to the students’ point of view. Paying more attention to educational, and training related factors, in addition preventing academic failure of students can help to improve and develop the country.   Conclusion: Individual characteristics, economic status, number of hours of study and training are the major causes of educational failure.   Key words: academic failure, students perspective, Family Factors   Address: Paramedical Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Tel: (+98) 4412752300   Email : njabbarimp@gmail.com   [1] PhD in Medical Informatics Paramedical Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences   [2] MS in Nursing Education   [3] MSc Nursing, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences   [4] MSc Midwifery, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences   [5] PhD Medical Physics, Faculty of Paramedical, Urmia University of Medical Sciences (Corresponding Author)

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  Evaluation of the effects of educational package on controlling the complications of chemotherapeutic agents on symptom scales of quality of life in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy    Baghaei R [1] *, SHarifi M [2] , Mohammadpour Y [3] , Sheykhi N [4]     Received: 9 Jul , 2013 Accepted: 14 Sep , 2013    Abstract  Background & Aims : Today breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women, hence measuring the quality of life of patients with breast cancer is of great important. Chemotherapy is one of the common treatment procedures that cause several side effects. Patient who received outpatient chemotherapy need active measurements to control these side effects. It is necessary to get enough information from the patients and their family's education. The aim of this study is the evaluation of the effects of educational package on controlling the complications of chemotherapeutic agents on symptom scales of quality of life in patients with breast cancer undergoing chemotherapy   Materials & Methods : This is a quasi-experimental study. Patients were 106 women with breast cancer candidate to chemotherapy referred to ward of Oncology in Omid and Imam Khomeini hospitals. Eligible patient selected as available sampling. They were randomly divided into intervention and control groups. Questionnaire measured the quality of life using the European Organization for Research and treatment of cancer Quality of life Questionnaire (EROTC QLQ_C30) and its breast cancer supplementary measure (QLQ-BR 23) at two points in time baseline (pre-chemotherapy), 12 weeks after chemotherapy (within four cycle of chemotherapy). After two chemotherapy cycle intervention group received the educational package for control of chemotherapy side effects. Results: The results showed that educational package for controlling the side effects of chemotherapy in intervention group reduced the symptom scales of quality of life and increased the global quality of life (p

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 Assessment of mental workload in nursing by using NASA- TLX    Malekpour F [1] , Mohammadian Y [2] *, Malekpour AR [3] , Mohammadpour Y [4] , Sheikh Ahmadi A [5] , Shakarami A [6]     Received: 8 Oct , 2013 Accepted: 24 Dec , 2013  Abstract   Background & Aims : 80 percent of works in healthcare system conducted by nurses. Nursing is one of the high workload occupations. Assessments of work load in nurses who are concerned with human life are important, in order to provide effective service . The object of the current study was to determine mental work load among nurses and its effective factors.   Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive - analytic and cross-sectional one that was conducted among 120 nurses of Urmia University of Medical Sciences hospitals in 2013. In this study, we used NASA - Task load indexes (TLX) for assessment of mental workload of nurses. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and Pierson correlation analysis.   Results: The Results showed that mental needs were maximum (86/16 ± 21/24) and physical needs were minimum (55/83 ± 22/16) compared to other workload aspects. Mean mental work load score in Intensive Care Unit (ICU) was maximum (82/33 ± 20/49). Between the hours of work per week, department, shift work and the number of patients per nurse with mean mental workload score, there were significant correlations.  Conclusion: Mean mental workload score was higher among nurses, which can negatively impact the quality of care provided by nurses, therefore, implementation of effective programs to mitigate and reduce the mental load in order to enhance nurses' performance are suggested.  Key words: Mental workload, NASA TLX, nurses, Urmia Medical Sciences University     Address : Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health, Department of occupational Health, Urmia, Iran  Tel: (+98)0441-2752300 Email: mohammadian_yosef@yahoo.com   [1] Education Management, Lecturer, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Department of Health   [2] Engineering Occupational Health , Lecturer, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Department of Health . (Corresponding author)   [3] Masters student in Educational Administration, Azad University of Tabriz   [4] Medical equcation PhD student, Instructor, Faculty Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical   [5] Bachelor student in Occupational Health , Urmia University of Medical Sciences   [6] Bachelor student in Occupational Health , Urmia University of Medical Sciences

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 Abstract  Background & Aims: Today, workplace violence (WPV) is one of the most complex issues of healthcare systems. The nurses, due to their central role in the health care team and consisting a very large population of hospital personals, are repeatedly exposed to violence, especially in Emergency Departments (EDs). Therefore, we decided to conduct a study to determine the extent and nature of violence perpetrated against nurses in EDs of Urmia university hospitals.  Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 120 nurses in EDs of Urmia university hospitals (Imam Khomeini, Ayatollah Taleghani, Motahari and Seyed Al-Shohada). Data collecting instrument was a researcher-made questionnaire with 35 items in 2 parts: Demographic characteristics and WPV. After entering the collected data to the SPSS (19) software, data analysis was performed by using descriptive and analytical statistics (Chi square and Fisher's exact test).  Results: The highest rates of violence against nurses include verbal violence (92/5%), physical violence (34/2%) and verbal threats (31/7%). The main perpetrators of violence against nurses associated with patient’s companions (relatives or friends) (73/8%). 66/4% of nurses did not report exposure to violence to hospital authorities. Also, none of the nurses had received training or instruction on how to deal with violence.  Conclusion: Due to the frequent exposure of nurses to WPV in EDs, effective steps should be taken to reduce this neglected problem of healthcare systems, such as: training and instructing the nurses about how to deal with violence, using written papers to report violence, improvement of laws and regulations, paying more attention by authorities to this issue, and using mass media for public education and promoting the culture of communication with hospital staff.  Key Words: Workplace Violence, Nurses, Emergency Departments, Urmia  Address: Urmia Nursing and Midwifery Faculty, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran  Tel: (+98) 9149782832  Email: Soheili.a1991@gmail.com

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 NURSING AND MIDWIFERY STUDENTS' PREFERRED LEARNING STYLES IN URMIA UNIVERSITY OF MEDICAL SCIENCES, 1392    Rasouli D [1] , Soheili A [2] , Mohamadpour Y [3] , Zarei F [4] , Safaei Z [5]     Received: 30 Oct , 2014 Accepted: 10 Jan, 2015  Abstract Background & Aims: Scientific achievement of the students is the aim of education in universities and accordingly considering the style which students learn through it, will have a key role in promoting quality of education and achieving educational goals. This study aimed to determine nursing and midwifery students' preferred learning styles in Urmia University of Medical Sciences.  Materials & Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted on 200 nursing and midwifery students of the 2nd year by census method. Data collecting instrument was the VARK learning style questionnaire that its validity and reliability had been confirmed. Finally after entering the collected data to the SPSS (19) software, data analysis was performed by using descriptive and inferential statistics.  Results: Prioritization of the preferred learning styles of students was as the following : Visual (the most common learning style), and Kinesthetic (the least common learning style) that used by students participated in this study. The other results indicated that there is no statistically significant correlation between learning styles with gender, field of study and the students’ interest in their discipline (P

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 The Effect of Oral Contraceptive Hormones on the Quality of Life in Women Referred to Health Centers of Urmia  Received: 4 Feb, 2015 Accepted: 20 May, 2015 Abstract Background & Aims: From 1948 in which the World Health Organization emphasized on health as a complete physical, mental and social one, and not merely the absence of disease and disability, the concept of quality of life has been changed, and subsequently health care researches have been gradually increased. The most common method is oral contraceptives, LD, So, due to controversies about different methods of contraception, this study tries to investigate the effect of the most common method, LD, on women's quality of life. Materials & Methods: This study was a descriptive-analytic one. The quality of life of two groups of women, i.e. new applicants of LD (190 students), and the old LD users (200 patients) referring to different health centers of Urmia University of Medical Sciences were collected and compared. The instrument used in this study was a two-part questionnaire containing demographic questions, and Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL_BREF). The data were analyzed by using SPSS program (ver.13) to obtain the absolute frequency and percentage, mean, standard deviation, chi-square tests, t-test, and analysis of variance. Results: In this study, two groups were matched and made similar concerning their age, husband's age, and number of children. Except physical dimension, the quality of life scores between the two groups were not significantly different. In the group who had taken LD for more than a year, their physical scores had increased significantly. Conclusion: According to the results of this study and other studies, the reason for average increase in the physical dimension, can be the result of the direct and obvious effect of LD on reducing dysmenorrhea, amount and duration of menstrual bleeding, the physical symptoms of PMS, acne, etc. Key words: quality of life, oral contraceptives Address: Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran Tel: (+98)4432754961 Email: nayer_rezaee@yahoo.com

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Received: 10 Jun, 2015 Accepted: 6 Aug, 2015 Abstract Background & Aims: To make a development in nursing education, it’s necessary to evaluate the processes of the clinical education and become informed about modern executive models. In this regard, Competency Based Education Model (CBEM) is a new educational model that aims to reach desired clinical role. This study aims to determine the effect of implementing competency-based education model on nursing students’ clinical performance in Coronary Care Unit (CCU). Materials & Methods: In this quasi-experimental study with post-test design 34 senior nursing students, who met the inclusion criteria, were selected through census and divided into two groups as control and experimental. The control group received conventional education and the experiment group received competency based education for their CCU course. The students’ clinical performance score was measured through 3 researcher-made data collecting instrument (clinical performance assessment checklist, self-report questionnaire and multiple choice test). The collected data was analyzed by SPSS (16) software using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square, independent   t-test and Mann-Whitney U test). Results: The results indicated that clinical performance of students in the experimental group was significantly higher than students in the control group both in terms of specific clinical performance (P

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Received: 18 Jan, 2016 Accepted: 19 Mar, 2016 Abstract Background & Aims: There are numerous errors in food-drug administration through feeding tube. Appropriate performance of nurses can improve patient safety and prevention of complications. The aim of this study is to assess the effectiveness of small group teaching on the nurses’ performance of food-drug administration. Materials & Methods: This was an experimental study that was done in Urmia Emam Khomeini hospital. 80 nurses were enrolled in the study by using census method. The intervention group was divided into four groups, and for each group, four training sessions (one and half hour) with the creation of thoughtful learning situation was held. Knowledge and performance in relation to food-drug administration were evaluated before, and one month after the training program. Results: The results showed that before training, status of nurses’ knowledge was poor in the control (90/6 percent) and intervention groups (80 percent). After the implementation of training for the intervention group, 97/1 percent of status of nurses’ knowledge in the intervention group was good. Before the training, most of the nurses did not have good performance in both groups. Implementation of the training for the intervention group caused improving the performance of the nurses. Conclusion: There are errors in the time of food-drug administration through feeding tube. This can cause adverse effects. Hence, improvement and use of proper techniques in food-drug administration can increase efficacy of drug feeding and nutrition, it can increase patient safety and reduce the occlusion number of tube feeding.

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Background & Aims: Diabetes as one of the most common chronic diseases with serious complications can affect the quality of life. Patient education is one of the oldest and best ways to control these complications. Traditional and modern teaching methods have shown different results on the quality of life of these patients. This study aimed to compare the effect of self-empowerment through training package and workshop programs on the quality of life of diabetic patients referring to diabetes clinics, Urmia University of Medical Sciences in 2013 Materials & Methods: This study is an experimental study with pretest - posttest design that has been carried out on 40 diabetic patients referred to diabetes clinic of Urmia University of Medical Sciences. The samples were randomly divided into two groups of workshop and training. In order to collect data a questionnaire with two parts of demographic and quality of life of diabetic patients were used. After collecting the data, they were coded and analyzed with statistical software SPSS (ver16) using chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests. Results: Quality of life score were 40.25±7.69, 46.00±7, and 39.9±9.00, 48.5±5.56 in the intervention group with training workshop, and in the intervention group with educational package, respectively. The findings didn’t show statistically significant differences in quality of life scores between the two groups before and after intervention (P =0.057). But a significant difference was found in any of the groups in quality of life scores (P

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Background & Aims: In recent years the issues surrounding competency-based education (CBE) increased attention and debate among health professionals and the international conferences and pilot projects proposed by a growing number of many of the issues of education magazines Medical critically examined. Because it had not been provided in nursing competency-based framework, providing a comprehensive framework, based on merit, competence in the development and standardization of the nursing department is a necessity. Methods: The review included all articles published from 1990 to 2015 related to defined competency framework for competency-based education in nursing, to languages, English and Farsi were analyzed. Ask first study defined search strategy was determined. Search for studies of databases with international and domestic sources, such as CINAHL, Web of Sciences, Science direct, ERIC, Google Scholar PubMed, SCOPUS, Wiley, Springer, Cochrane, EMBASE, SID, Irandoc, Iranmedex, MagirIran and related journals use key words appropriate Competency, competency framework, competency-based education, nursing, critical review and synthesis were used. Articles met the inclusion criteria of quality were assessed by using the checklist. Results: 2,700 articles were found and 217 of them were review articles entered the study. With regard to the relevance of related or unrelated divided into two categories and, ultimately, 84 Article of the final selection was then analyzed. Conclusion: The main purpose of the use of competency-based education in nursing competencies increase the likelihood of transmission is performance-based learning experiences in organizational outcomes. To achieve this, educational institutions a wide range of studies to identify competency to employ that will help students to prepare for the world of work.

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Background & Aims: Nurses, as the pioneers of community health, experience various types of injuries and tensions. So, career resilience is known as one of the most basic capacities to deal with stressful situations among nurses. Therefore, due to the Covid-19 crisis and the increase of nurses' conflict with corona patients, their career resilience has been affected and it has created challenges for them in the field of work and family. Accordingly, this study was conducted with the aim of investigating the structural relationships of career resilience of nurses with work-family conflict and fear of Covid-19 in Tabriz, Iran.
Materials & Methods: The research method was survey and type of the study was descriptive-correlation. The statistical population included nurses from medical training centers affiliated to Tabriz University of Medical Sciences which 351 of them were selected using share-based stratified sampling method. The data were collected after taking written consent from the nurses from summer to fall 2011 using a questionnaire and analyzed by SPSS and Lisrel softwares by using Pearson correlation test, student t-test, and structural equations.
Results: According to the results, the level of career resilience of nurses on a scale of 0-100 was 56.4, work-family conflict was 57.6, and fear of Covid-19 was 66.7. The level of career resilience among nurses in the hospitals accepting Corona patients was less than the others. The results of structural relationships also showed that work-family conflict directly and with a coefficient of -0.20, fear of Covid-19 indirectly (through work-family conflict) with a coefficient of -0.05, work experience directly and indirectly with a total coefficient of 0.21, and the service hospital directly and indirectly with a total coefficient of 0.19 had a significant overall effect on nurses' career resilience.
Conclusion: According to the results, work-family conflict and fear of Covid-19 play important roles in nurses' career resilience. Therefore, it is possible to use support methods such as changing work shifts, flexible working hours, reducing household roles by taking care of children and creating kindergartens for their children, empowering and increasing the knowledge of nurses in the field of Covid-19 by holding workshops, and increasing protective facilities in order to reduce fear of Covid-19 to increase career resilience of the nurses.

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Background & Aim: Autonomy is an important and necessary factor in nursing. Autonomy in the work environment can affect various factors, including nurses' retention and commitment to the job. The present study aimed to determine the professional autonomy and its relationship with the organizational commitment of nurses working in the critical care units of Urmia educational hospitals.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional correlational study was conducted on 385 nurses working in intensive care units in 2022-2023. Sampling was done by quota method, and data collection was done using demographic questionnaires, Varjus professional autonomy scale, and Porter's organizational commitment questionnaire. Independent t-test and ANOVA were used to examine the relationship between demographic variables and the components of this research, and Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to investigate the relationship between professional autonomy and organizational commitment.
Results: Based on the mean and standard deviation of nurses' professional autonomy (63.57±16.62) and organizational commitment (61.12±12.34), the nurses' professional autonomy and organizational commitment in the intensive care unit were moderate. A significant positive relationship was observed between professional autonomy and organizational commitment (p < 0.05).
Conclusion: By promoting nurses' professional autonomy, their organizational commitment can be improved, increasing the quality of care. Therefore, it is recommended to adopt appropriate strategies and necessary policies to improve nurses' professional autonomy.

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The philosophy of interprofessional education is that students of different health professions learn to be better prepared for collaboration and teamwork. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) published a practical framework for interprofessional education. Interprofessional education enhances communication skills in health professions, improving patient outcomes through collaboration and teamwork. A comprehensive theoretical framework is needed to guide organizations in reaching their goals and improving interprofessional education. Few studies have directly addressed specific theoretical frameworks for interprofessional education. Most studies are based on adult learning theory, psychological theories of group behavior, teamwork approaches, and learning organization. The comprehensive conceptual map presented about interprofessional education in this article can improve effective communication, participation, and teamwork in the healthcare field and ultimately improve students' clinical learning and the quality of patient care.

 

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Background & Aim: Today, the quality and quantity of medical services provided in hospitals is heavily influenced by the accuracy and reliability of medical care and related supplies. In many cases, the absence of essential medicines and medical supplies or errors in their use can lead patients to question the value of other services and their treatment's effectiveness. Thus, the study aimed to compare hospital errors and related outcomes in 2022 and 2023 and present preventive solutions. Thus, the present study was conducted to compare the types and rates of hospital errors and their related outcomes in 2022 and 2023 and to present interventional preventive solutions.
Materials & Methods: In this descriptive-survey study, all recorded errors in the hospital during the first quarter of 2022 and 2023, including medication errors, instrumental errors, and associated consequences, were analyzed and compared. Preventive and corrective solutions were suggested based on the opinions of the management and medical staff to reduce and eliminate errors. Data were collected through a checklist and analyzed using SPSS software version 20.
Results: The results showed that in both years, the most common type of error was medication prescription to the patient and medication calculations during prescription. Overall, there was a statistically significant difference between the types of hospital errors in the two years (p=0.001). In 2022, the highest error consequence occurred in the fourth quarter and included temporary complications and time waste, while in 2023, the highest consequence occurred in the first quarter and included temporary complications and delays in the diagnosis and treatment process. In both years, the number of deaths was the least frequent error consequence. A significant difference was observed in error consequences between the two years (p=0.013). Additionally, most errors occurred during the evening and night shifts, while the fewest errors occurred during the morning shift. A significant difference was observed in the types of errors among the three work shifts (p=0.023).
Conclusion: The results suggest that nursing managers and educational supervisors should plan and implement in-service training programs and create educational booklets and posters to improve nurses' pharmaceutical knowledge in this field.