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Background & Aims: Today, the elderly population is on the rise, and incurable and chronic diseases such as osteoarthritis are one of their main problems. On the other hand, some high-risk health behaviors, such as smoking, are also common among the elderly. Given the role that social support can play in controlling chronic diseases and high-risk health behaviors such as smoking, the present study aimed to determine social support and smoking in the elderly patients with osteoarthritis. Materials & Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 384 elderly patients with osteoarthritis who were referred to the clinics of Tabriz University of Medical Science. Sampling method was two stages cluster sampling. After completing the questionnaires, the data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) and analytical statistics (independent t-test) by SPSS16 software. Results: The results of the present study showed that 16.8% of the elderly with osteoarthritis were smokers and 83.2% of the elderly with osteoarthritis were non-smokers. The rate of social support (family and others) in the non-smoker elderly with osteoarthritis was higher than smoker elderly and among different dimensions, the highest rate was related to family support. Conclusion: Due to the higher rate of smoking in the elderly with osteoarthritis and the important role of social support, especially family support, the importance of supportive social communication for families should be clarified through educational interventions to reduce the prevalence of smoking.

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Background & Aims: Recently, the world has faced many unnatural disasters and crises, leaving many deaths and financial repercussions. As the most populous medical group, nurses play an important role in crisis management. The present study aimed to determine the preparedness, knowledge, and attitude of nurses working in emergency departments in dealing with the unnatural disaster crisis.
Materials & Methods: The present descriptive study was conducted on 310 nurses working in the emergency departments of hospitals affiliated with the Universities of Medical Sciences of Tabriz and Urmia. The participants were selected by quota sampling. Data were collected using a nurse demographic characteristic questionnaire, emergency preparedness information, and knowledge and attitude questionnaires. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and SPSS software version 18.
Results: The mean age of nurses was 34 years, and the mean work experience was 5.60 years. In addition, 82.5% of nurses had a bachelor's degree. 66.45% of the nurses had not completed any courses related to chemical, biological, radioactive, and nuclear disasters. The overall mean (standard deviation) of readiness, knowledge, and attitude scores were 57.95 (20.98), 9.7 (5.58), and 29.31 (8.10), respectively. Nurses' preparedness was at a weak level in dealing with unnatural disasters, and their knowledge and attitude was in an average level.
Conclusion: Nurses, as the first line of care and treatment, need to be trained concerning unnatural chemical, microbial, nuclear, and radioactive incidents. This training can be provided by incorporating relevant content into the nursing education curriculum or as on-the-job service courses.

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Background & Aim: The knowledge and attitude of nurses are among the main factors in the application of the nursing process and its implementation in the patient care. Thus, this study was conducted to investigate the knowledge and attitude of nurses regarding the nursing process in the emergency departments (8 centers) of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences.
Materials & Methods: This descriptive research was conducted in the Emergency Departments of Medical and Educational centers of Tabriz University of Medical Sciences. Two hundred and sixty-three emergency nurses were included in the study. Sampling was done by census method and nurses completed the electronic questionnaire of knowledge and attitude toward the nursing process. Finally, the data was analyzed using SPSS v22.
Results: The results show that the overall mean score of attitude toward the nursing process is 50.33, and the overall mean score of awareness towards the nursing process is 24.19; both of them are at the average range. Also, the results show a statistically significant relationship between the nurses' age and the nurses' experience with their knowledge (p=0.016).
Conclusion: According to the results of the study, it can be concluded that although the nurses' level of knowledge and attitude about the nursing process was average, they accepted the nursing process as a care framework. Investigating the items of the questionnaire showed that the nursing process implementation is time-consuming and also is mainly written. Therefore, it is possible to empower and encourage nurses to use the nursing process quickly by using the necessary training and eliminating unnecessary tasks.

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Background & Aim: The heavy responsibility and risky nature of some occupations, including nursing, due to the consequences of their decisions and performance on people's health, has been the basis for many studies to identify the effective factors related to this job. Meanwhile, due to the high workload, high stress, etc., the emergency nursing profession reveals the importance of such studies more than ever. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the relationship between work engagement and specific job resources, such as staffing levels, training opportunities, and support systems, in nurses working in the emergency departments of Tabriz teaching hospitals in 2022.
Material & Methods: This research is a cross-sectional correlation descriptive study conducted on 250 nurses working in the emergency departments of Tabriz hospitals in 2022. The sampling method was a quota. Data was collected using a three-part questionnaire, including the participants' social demographics, a work engagement questionnaire, and a job resources questionnaire. Data was analyzed in SPSS software version 22.0 using descriptive and analytical statistics. A significance level was considered at 0.05.
Results: The results showed that nurses' work engagement (50.28±14.49) and job resources (34.86±11.95) were moderate in nurses. The results also showed a positive and significant statistical relationship between work engagement and job resources in nurses (r = 0.36, p<0.05).
Conclusion: According to findings, nurses' work engagement is directly related to the presence or absence of job resources, so with the increase of job resources, their work engagement will increase. On the other hand, due to the lack of job resources in medical centers, managers and administrators can use the results of this study to take positive measures to improve nurses' work engagement by implementing proper planning and correct training methods.
 

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Background & Aim: Breast cancer is a chronic and debilitating disease, the diagnosis and treatment of which are associated with many psychological problems and reduce treatment adherence. If these patients do not adhere to the treatment plans, they will suffer serious consequences, such as the recurrence of the disease and the development of disability. This research aimed to determine the effect of reminder text messages on treatment adherence in breast cancer patients.
Materials & Methods: This study is a semi-experimental two-group of pre and post-test clinical trials, in which 80 people were selected by simple random sampling from patients referring to Shahid Ghazi Tabatabai Hospital. The patients completed the demographic and Medanlo Adherence Questionnaire before and immediately after the intervention. In order to prevent patients from becoming dependent and causing emotional shocks due to the interruption of sending text messages, the sending of text messages was gradually reduced and then stopped in such a way that in the first three weeks, two messages were sent daily at nine in the morning and at night, and in the second three weeks, two messages were sent every week, and one message was sent weekly. Then, the data were analyzed using a paired t-test, an independent t-test, Fisher's exact test, and chi-square using SPSS software version 20.
Results: The results showed that the mean score of treatment adherence was 155.20±12.73 in the control group before the intervention, and it was 154.50±12.36 after the intervention, which was not statistically significantly different (p >0.05). However, in the intervention group, the treatment adherence score was 155.15±13.59 before and 165.50±10.34 after the intervention, which were statistically significantly different (p<0.05).  
Conclusion: The results showed that sending short messages to remind patients positively affected all aspects of treatment adherence; it seems that the provision of these services should be included in the treatment process of cancer patients due to their attractiveness, availability, and low cost.