Volume 22, Issue 7 (10-2024)                   Nursing and Midwifery Journal 2024, 22(7): 564-576 | Back to browse issues page


XML Persian Abstract Print


Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:

Mohammadpour Y, Pourya T, Parizad N. COMPARISON OF PARENTING METHODS AND PROBLEM-SOLVING STYLES IN PARENTS OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM AND PARENTS OF HEALTHY CHILDREN IN THE ELEMENTARY SCHOOL OF EXCEPTIONAL AND NORMAL SCHOOLS IN URMIA CITY. Nursing and Midwifery Journal 2024; 22 (7) :564-576
URL: http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-5226-en.html
1- Assistant Professor of Medical Education, Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
2- RN, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3- Associate Professor of Nursing, Patient Safety Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran , parizad.n@umsu.ac.ir
Abstract:   (760 Views)
Background & Aim: Choosing an inappropriate parenting method can have lasting effects on the personality, social, and academic development of children with autism. The lack of proper parental treatment can result in depression, anxiety, and social issues for family members if not addressed appropriately. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of people with autism. Researchers have therefore decided to compare the parenting methods and problem-solving styles used by parents of children with autism and parents of healthy children.
Materials & Methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional comparative study. The study included 234 parents of healthy and autistic children in elementary school's first to sixth grade. Participants were selected using quota and convenience sampling. The inclusion criteria included students who were not single parents, parents who lived together, did not use educational programs related to the subject of study, and had literacy. Demographic information questionnaires, Baumrind's parenting methods, and Cassidy and Long's problem-solving styles were used to collect data. An independent t-test was used to compare the mean difference between the two groups, and a chi-square test was used to assess the frequency difference among the groups. The data analysis was conducted using SPSS software version 22.
Results: The results showed that parents of healthy children used permissive (4.95±24.70) and authoritarian (5.51±25.51) methods more than parents of children with autism. The parents of children with autism used an authoritative style more than the parents of healthy children (4.22±8.92). In comparing problem-solving methods, parents of both groups used the confrontational style more.
Conclusion: Choosing the right style in raising children with autism by parents and teaching correct parenting methods plays an essential role in the motor-social development process of these children. The relevant authorities should take positive steps to improve the quality of life of parents and children with autism by providing necessary training classes on parenting methods and problem-solving strategies to parents.
 
Full-Text [PDF 497 kb]   (378 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: پرستاری

References
1. Baumer N, Spence SJ. Evaluation and management of the child with autism spectrum disorder. CONTINUUM Lifelong Learn Neurol 2018;24(1):248-75. [PMID: 29432246] [DOI:10.1212/CON.0000000000000578]
2. Begum R, Mamin FA. Impact of autism spectrum disorder on family. Autism Open Access 2019;9(4):1-6. [URL:] [DOI:10.35248/2165-7890.19.9.244]
3. Gyawali S, Patra BN. Autism spectrum disorder: Trends in research exploring etiopathogenesis. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019;73(8):466-75. [PMID: 31077508] [DOI:10.1111/pcn.12860]
4. Sanchack KE, Thomas CA. Autism spectrum disorder: Primary care principles. Am Fam Physician 2016;94(12):972-9A. [URL:]
5. Benger M, Kinali M, Mazarakis ND. Autism spectrum disorder: prospects for treatment using gene therapy. Mol Autism 2018;9(1):39. [PMID: 29951185] [DOI:10.1186/s13229-018-0222-8] [PMCID: PMC6011246]
6. Zarafshan H, Mohammadi MR, Abolhassani F, Motevalian SA, Sepasi N, Sharifi V. Current status of health and social services for children with autism in Iran: parents' perspectives. Iran J Psychiatry 2019;14(1):76-83. [URL:] [DOI:10.18502/ijps.v14i1.427]
7. Siller M, Sigman M. The behaviors of parents of children with autism predict the subsequent development of their children's communication. J Autism Dev Disord 2002;32:77-89. [PMID: 12058846] [DOI:10.1023/A:1014884404276]
8. Crowell JA, Keluskar J, Gorecki A. Parenting behavior and the development of children with autism spectrum disorder. Compr Psychiatry 2019;90:21-9. [PMID: 30658339] [DOI:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.11.007]
9. Papadopoulos D. Mothers' experiences and challenges raising a child with autism spectrum disorder: A qualitative study. Brain Sci 2021;11(3):309. [PMID: 33801233] [DOI:10.3390/brainsci11030309] [PMCID: PMC8001702]
10. Bazarfeshan B, Kargar Dolatabadi A, Mohammadi M, Sarmadi P, Lakzaei J, Hosseininejad SM, et al. Quality of life of the mothers of children with autism. J Gorgan Univ Med Sci 2018;20(4):77-82. [URL:]
11. Yaacob WNW, Yaacob LH, Zulkifli MM, Muhamad R. A journey towards resilience: coping strategies adopted by parents with children having autism spectrum disorder in Northeast Malaysia. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(4):2458. [PMID: 35206643] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph19042458] [PMCID: PMC7502381]
12. Kanamori K, Suzuki T, Ota C. Parenting attitude towards children with autism spectrum disorders: the Japan environment and children's study. BMJ Paediatr Open 2024;8(1). [PMID: 38575170] [DOI:10.1136/bmjpo-2023-002360] [PMCID: PMC7502381]
13. Shojaii S, Imani M, Teymori MM, Shahin M. Comparing Parenting Styles of Parents of Children with and without Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Couns Res 2017;15(60):100-18. [URL:]
14. Jadidi S, Danesh E, Gholamitooranposhti M. Archive of SID Clinical Excellence 2019. [URL:]
15. Cidav Z, Munson J, Estes A, Dawson G, Rogers S, Mandell D. Cost offset associated with Early Start Denver Model for children with autism. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2017;56(9):777-83. [PMID: 28838582] [DOI:10.1016/j.jaac.2017.06.007] [PMCID: PMC7007927]
16. Mata C, Pauen S. The role of socio-cultural background and child age for parental regulation strategies and children's self-regulation: A comparison between Germany, Chile, and El Salvador. Acta Psychol 2023;234:103871. [PMID: 36841119] [DOI:10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103871] [PMCID: 36841119]
17. Baumrind D. Authoritative parenting revisited: History and current status 2013. [URL:]
18. Baumrind D. Effects of Authoritative Parental Control on Child Behavior. Child Dev 1966;37:887-907. [URL:] [DOI:10.2307/1126611]
19. Febiyanti A, Rachmawati Y, editors. Is authoritative parenting the best parenting style? 5th International Conference on Early Childhood Education (ICECE 2020); 2021: Atlantis Press. [URL:] [DOI:10.2991/assehr.k.210322.021]
20. Lavrič M, Naterer A. The power of authoritative parenting: A cross-national study of effects of exposure to different parenting styles on life satisfaction. Child Youth Serv Rev 2020;116:105274. [URL:] [DOI:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105274]
21. Salavera C, Usán P, Quilez-Robres A. Exploring the effect of parental styles on social skills: The mediating role of affects. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022;19(6):3295. [PMID: 35328983] [DOI:10.3390/ijerph19063295] [PMCID: PMC8953939]
22. Shokoohi-Yekta M, Akbari Zardkhaneh S, Parand A, Mahmoudi M, Mashrouti P. Effect of teaching problem solving to mothers on family processes and parenting styles. Q J Child Ment Health 2016;3(1):29-40. [URL:]
23. Brooks J. The art of problem solving and its translation into practice. BDJ In Pract 2022;35(9):21-3. [URL:] [DOI:10.1038/s41404-022-1714-y] [PMCID: PMC9442556]
24. Kakabaraee K. The impact of family/school-based problem solving training on problem-solving styles of elementary students. Q J Child Ment Health 2019;6(1):14-27. [URL:] [DOI:10.29252/jcmh.6.1.3]
25. Shokoohi-Yekta M, Parand A, Zamani N, Ayazi M, Lotfi S. Efficacy of teaching new parenting strategies based on problem solving approach. Procedia Soc Behav Sci 2011;30:167-70. [URL:] [DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.033]
26. D'zurilla TJ, Chang EC, Sanna LJ. Self-esteem and social problem solving as predictors of aggression in college students. J Soc Clin Psychol 2003;22(4):424-40. [URL:] [DOI:10.1521/jscp.22.4.424.22897]
27. Khodadadi N, Foroozandeh E. Problem-Solving Ability and Quality of Life of Mothers of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder. Pract Clin Psychol 2020;8(4):267-76. [URL:] [DOI:10.32598/jpcp.8.4.489.1]
28. López-Martínez P, Montero-Montero D, Moreno-Ruiz D, Martínez-Ferrer B. The role of parental communication and emotional intelligence in child-to-parent violence. Behav Sci 2019;9(12):148. [PMID: 31835399] [DOI:10.3390/bs9120148] [PMCID: PMC6960631]
29. Buri JR. Parental authority questionnaire. J Pers Assess 1991;57(1):110-9. [PMID: 16370893] [DOI:10.1207/s15327752jpa5701_13]
30. Farahini N, Afrooz GA, Rasoolzadeh TK. The relationship between parenting styles, shyness and creativity in the gifted 2014. [URL:]
31. Cassidy T, Long C. Problem‐solving style stress and psychological illness: Development of a multifactorial measure Br J Clin Psychol 1996;35(2):265-77. [PMID: 8773802] [DOI:10.1111/j.2044-8260.1996.tb01181.x]
32. Ahangi A, Abedin AR, Fathabadi J. Personality type and problem solving styles among university employees 2010. [URL:]
33. Gok T. Development of problem solving confidence questionnaire: Study of validation and reliability. Lat Am J Phys Educ Vol 2012;6(1):21. [URL:]
34. Tahery R, Karimi F. The relationship between personality traits and problem-solving strategies among undergraduate nursing students of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences Iran J Med Educ 2015;15:613-22. [URL:]
35. Sun X Allison C Auyeung B Baron-Cohen S Brayne C Parental concerns socioeconomic status and the risk of autism spectrum conditions in a population-based study Res Dev Disabil 2014;35(12):3678-88. [PMID: 25262013] [DOI:10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.037]
36. Ejlskov L, Wulff JN, Kalkbrenner A, Ladd-Acosta C, Fallin MD, Agerbo E, et al. Prediction of autism risk from family medical history data using machine learning: a national cohort study from Denmark Biol Psychiatry Global Open Sci 2021;1(2):156-64. [PMID: 36324994] [DOI:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2021.04.007] [PMCID: PMC9616292]
37. Xie S, Karlsson H, Dalman C, Widman L, Rai D, Gardner RM, et al. The familial risk of autism spectrum disorder with and without intellectual disability Autism Res 2020;13(12):2242-50. [PMID: 33103358] [DOI:10.1002/aur.2417] [PMCID: PMC7821228]
38. Cochrane K. Parenting Styles as a Predictor of Parenting Stress and Family Quality of Life in Mothers of Sons with Autism Spectrum Disorder 2020. [URL:]
39. Nurhidayah I, Muthia RNY, Sutini T, Hidayati NO. Parenting Style among Parents of a Child with Autism Spectrum Disorder Indian J Public Health Res Dev 2020;11(7):1243-7. [URL:]
40. Hutchison L, Feder M, Abar B, Winsler A. Relations between parenting stress parenting style and child executive functioning for children with ADHD or autism J Child Fam Stud 2016;25:3644-56. [URL:] [DOI:10.1007/s10826-016-0518-2]
41. Ershad Sarabi R, Hashemi Razini H, Abdollahi MH. Comparing parental stress parenting styles and social problem solving in mothers of children with autism spectrum disorder ADHD and typically developing children Q J Child Ment Health 2018;4(4):165-79. [URL:]

Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA

Send email to the article author


Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2025 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Nursing And Midwifery Journal

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb