1. Sadati AK, B Lankarani MH, Bagheri Lankarani K. Risk society, global vulnerability and fragile resilience; sociological view on the coronavirus outbreak. Shiraz Emed J 2020;21(4): e102263. [
DOI:10.5812/semj.102263]
2. Organization WH. COVID-19 related mortality and morbidity among healthcare providers-based on information as at 14 February 2021. World Health Organization. Regional Office for Africa; 2021. [
URL]
3. Latoo J, Haddad PM, Mistry M, Wadoo O, Islam SMS, Jan F, et al. The COVID-19 pandemic: an opportunity to make mental health a higher public health priority. Br J Psych Open 2021;7(5). [
DOI:10.1192/bjo.2021.1002] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
4. Moradi A, Mohammadifar N. The Role of Social Media in the Formation of Social Phobia and Lifestyle Changes Caused by the Corona Virus (Case Study: Kermanshah City). J Soc Ord 2020;12(2):123-48. [
URL]
5. Geirdal AØ, Ruffolo M, Leung J, Thygesen H, Price D, Bonsaksen T, et al. Mental health, quality of life, wellbeing, loneliness and use of social media in a time of social distancing during the COVID-19 outbreak. A cross-country comparative study. J Ment Health 2021;30(2):148-55. [
DOI:10.1080/09638237.2021.1875413] [
PMID]
6. Cauberghe V, Van Wesenbeeck I, De Jans S, Hudders L, Ponnet K. How adolescents use social media to cope with feelings of loneliness and anxiety during COVID-19 lockdown. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2021;24(4):250-7. [
DOI:10.1089/cyber.2020.0478] [
PMID]
7. Brailovskaia J, Truskauskaite-Kuneviciene I, Margraf J, Kazlauskas E. Coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak: Addictive Social Media Use, Depression, Anxiety and Stress in Quarantine-An exploratory Study in Germany and Lithuania. J Affect Disord Rep 2021:100182. [
DOI:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100182] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
8. Brailovskaia J, Miragall M, Margraf J, Herrero R, Baños RM. The relationship between social media use, anxiety and burden caused by coronavirus (COVID-19) in Spain. Curr Psychol 2021:1-7. [
DOI:10.1007/s12144-021-01802-8] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
9. Majeed M, Irshad M, Fatima T, Khan J, Hassan MM. Relationship between problematic social media usage and employee depression: a moderated mediation model of mindfulness and fear of CoViD-19. Front Psychol 2020;11:3368. [
DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.557987] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
10. Ahmad AR, Murad HR. The impact of social media on panic during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: online questionnaire study. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(5):e19556. [
DOI:10.2196/19556] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
11. Arpaci I, Karatas K, Kiran F, Kusci I, Topcu A. Mediating role of positivity in the relationship between state anxiety and problematic social media use during the COVID-19 pandemic. Death Stud 2021:1-11. [
DOI:10.1080/07481187.2021.1923588] [
PMID]
12. Mourad A, Srour A, Harmanai H, Jenainati C, Arafeh M. Critical impact of social networks infodemic on defeating coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic: Twitter-based study and research directions. EEE Trans Netw Serv Manag 2020;17(4):2145-55. [
DOI:10.1109/TNSM.2020.3031034]
13. Page MJ, Moher D. Evaluations of the uptake and impact of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Statement and extensions: a scoping review. Syst Rev 2017;6(1):1-14. [
DOI:10.1186/s13643-017-0663-8] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
14. Abo-Ali EA, Mousa AH, Omar MW, Al-Rubaki SS, Ghareeb WA, Zaytoun S. Fear of COVID-19 and Stress-Relieving Practices Among Social Media Users, Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia. Cureus 2021;13(6): e15817. [
DOI:10.7759/cureus.15817] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
15. Heffner J, Vives M-L, FeldmanHall O. Anxiety, gender, and social media consumption predict COVID-19 emotional distress. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 2021;8(1):1-7. [
DOI:10.1057/s41599-021-00816-8]
16. Zhao N, Zhou G. Social media use and mental health during the COVID‐19 pandemic: Moderator role of disaster stressor and mediator role of negative affect. Appl Psychol Health WellBeing 2020;12(4):1019-38. [
DOI:10.1111/aphw.12226] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
17. Clavier T, Popoff B, Selim J, Beuzelin M, Roussel M, Compere V, et al. Association of Social Network Use With Increased Anxiety Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine Teams: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020;8(9):e23153. [
DOI:10.2196/23153] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
18. Li J-B, Zhang R, Wang L-X, Dou K. Chinese public's panic buying at the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak: The contribution of perceived risk, social media use, and connection with close others. Curr Psychol 2021:1-10. [
DOI:10.1007/s12144-021-02072-0] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
19. Wong FHC, Liu T, Leung DKY, Zhang AY, Au WSH, Kwok WW, et al. Consuming information related to COVID-19 on social media among older adults and its association with anxiety, social trust in information, and COVID-safe behaviors: Cross-sectional telephone survey. J Med Internet Res 2021;23(2):e26570. [
DOI:10.2196/26570] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
20. Şentürk E, Geniş B, Menkü BE, Cosar B. The effects of social media news that users trusted and verified on anxiety level and disease control perception in COVID-19 pandemic. Turk Psikiyatri Derg 2021;24:23-32. [
DOI:10.5505/kpd.2020.69772]
21. Owusu SJ, Wilson AE. Fear experiences of social media users in Ghana during the COVID-19 pandemic-lockdown: An online survey. Int J Media Inf Lit 2020;5(2). [
DOI:10.13187/ijmil.2020.2.199]
22. Boursier V, Gioia F, Musetti A, Schimmenti A. Facing loneliness and anxiety during the COVID-19 isolation: the role of excessive social media use in a sample of Italian adults. Front Psychiatry 2020;11:586222. [
DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.586222] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
23. Yassin A, AlOmari M, Al-Azzam S, Karasneh R, Abu-Ismail L, Soudah O. Impact of social media on public fear, adoption of precautionary behaviors, and compliance with health regulations during COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Health Res 2021:1-13. [
DOI:10.1080/09603123.2021.1935778] [
PMID]
24. Rajendhiran G, Ramasubramanian V, Arunachalam AM, Bijulakshmi P. Influence of Social Media Exposure on Mental Health in Relation with Covid-19 Pandemic in the State of Tamil Nadu, India. J Evol Med Dent Sci 2020;9(45):3362-7. [
DOI:10.14260/jemds/2020/739]
25. Montag C, Sindermann C, Rozgonjuk D, Yang S, Elhai JD, Yang H. Investigating Links Between Fear of COVID-19, Neuroticism, Social Networks Use Disorder, and Smartphone Use Disorder Tendencies. Front Psychol 2021;12. [
DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.682837] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
26. Lin CY, Broström A, Griffiths MD, Pakpour AH. Investigating mediated effects of fear of COVID-19 and COVID-19 misunderstanding in the association between problematic social media use, psychological distress, and insomnia. Internet Interv 2020;21:100345. [
DOI:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100345] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
27. Wheaton MG, Prikhidko A, Messner GR. Is Fear of COVID-19 Contagious? The Effects of Emotion Contagion and Social Media Use on Anxiety in Response to the Coronavirus Pandemic. Front Psychol 2021;11. [
DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567379] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
28. Bhattacharya C, Chowdhury D, Ahmed N, Özgür S, Bhattacharya B, Mridha SK, et al. The nature, cause and consequence of COVID-19 panic among social media users in India. Soc Netw Anal Min 2021;11(1):53. [
DOI:10.1007/s13278-021-00750-2] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
29. Kadam AB, Atre SR. Negative impact of social media panic during the COVID-19 outbreak in India. J Travel Med 2020;27(3). [
DOI:10.1093/jtm/taaa057] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
30. Wegmann E, Brandtner A, Brand M. Perceived Strain Due to COVID-19-Related Restrictions Mediates the Effect of Social Needs and Fear of Missing Out on the Risk of a Problematic Use of Social Networks. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:531. [
DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.623099] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
31. Jiang Y. Problematic Social Media Usage and Anxiety Among University Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Mediating Role of Psychological Capital and the Moderating Role of Academic Burnout. Front Psychol 2021; 12:612007 [
DOI:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.612007] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
32. Su Y, Wu PJ, Li SJ, Xue J, Zhu TS. Public emotion responses during COVID-19 in China on social media: An observational study. Hum Behav Emerg 2021;3(1):127-36. [
DOI:10.1002/hbe2.239]
33. Radwan E, Radwan A, Radwan W. The role of social media in spreading panic among primary and secondary school students during the COVID-19 pandemic: An online questionnaire study from the Gaza Strip, Palestine. Heliyon 2020;6(12):e05807. [
DOI:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05807] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
34. Hong W, Liu RD, Ding Y, Fu XC, Zhen R, Sheng XT. Social Media Exposure and College Students' Mental Health During the Outbreak of COVID-19: The Mediating Role of Rumination and the Moderating Role of Mindfulness. Cyberpsychol Behav Soc Netw 2021;24(4):282-7. [
DOI:10.1089/cyber.2020.0387] [
PMID]
35. Sarwar A, Liaqat S, Masood HMU, Imran N. Social media exposure and mental health during covid-19 outbreak. Khyber Med Univ J 2021;13(2):91-6. [
Google Scholar]
36. Zhang YT, Li RT, Sun XJ, Peng M, Li X. Social Media Exposure, Psychological Distress, Emotion Regulation, and Depression During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Community Samples in China. Front Psychiatry 2021;12:528. [
DOI:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.644899] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
37. Sarfo JO, Ansah EW. Fear experiences of social media users in Ghana during the COVID-19 pandemic-lockdown: An online survey. Int J Media Inf Lit 2020;5(2):199-204. [
DOI:10.13187/ijmil.2020.2.199]
38. Ahmad AR, Murad HR. The Impact of Social Media on Panic During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Iraqi Kurdistan: Online Questionnaire Study. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(5):e19556 [
DOI:10.2196/19556] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
39. Li JB, Zhang R, Wang LX, Dou K. Chinese public's panic buying at the beginning of COVID-19 outbreak: The contribution of perceived risk, social media use, and connection with close others. Curr Psychol 2021:1-10. [
DOI:10.1007/s12144-021-02072-0] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
40. Senturk E, Genis B, Menku BE, Cosar B. The effects of social media news that users trusted and verified on anxiety level and disease control perception in COVID-19 pandemic. Klin Psikiyatr Derg 2021;24(1):23-32. [
DOI:10.5505/kpd.2020.69772]
41. Zhong B, Jiang Z, Xie W, Qin X. Association of Social Media Use With Mental Health Conditions of Nonpatients During the COVID-19 Outbreak: Insights from a National Survey Study. J Med Internet Res 2020;22(12):e23696. [
DOI:10.2196/23696] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
42. Heffner J, Vives ML, FeldmanHall O. Anxiety, gender, and social media consumption predict COVID-19 emotional distress. Humanit Soc Sci 2021;8(1):1-7. [
DOI:10.1057/s41599-021-00816-8]
43. Yassin A, AlOmari M, Al-Azzam S, Karasneh R, Abu-Ismail L, Soudah O. Impact of social media on public fear, adoption of precautionary behaviors, and compliance with health regulations during COVID-19 pandemic. Int J Environ Health Res 2021:1-13. [
DOI:10.1080/09603123.2021.1935778] [
PMID]
44. Clavier T, Popoff B, Selim J, Beuzelin M, Roussel M, Compere V, et al. Association of Social Network Use With Increased Anxiety Related to the COVID-19 Pandemic in Anesthesiology, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine Teams: Cross-Sectional Web-Based Survey Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2020;8(9):e23153 [
] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
45. Yoo W, Choi D-H, Park K. The effects of SNS communication: how expressing and receiving information predict MERS-preventive behavioral intentions in South Korea. Comput Hum Behav 2016;62:34-43. [
DOI:10.1016/j.chb.2016.03.058] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
46. Merchant RM, Lurie N. Social media and emergency preparedness in response to novel coronavirus. Jama 2020;323(20):2011-2. [
DOI:10.1001/jama.2020.4469] [
PMID]
47. Choi D-H, Yoo W, Noh G-Y, Park K. The impact of social media on risk perceptions during the MERS outbreak in South Korea. Comput Hum Behav 2017;72:422-31. [
] [
PMID] [
PMCID]
48. Hou Z, Du F, Jiang H, Zhou X, Lin L. Assessment of public attention, risk perception, emotional and behavioural responses to the COVID-19 outbreak: social media surveillance in China. MedRxiv 2020:1-11. [
DOI:10.1101/2020.03.14.20035956]