Volume 19, Issue 7 (October 2021)                   Nursing and Midwifery Journal 2021, 19(7): 516-526 | Back to browse issues page

XML Persian Abstract Print

Download citation:
BibTeX | RIS | EndNote | Medlars | ProCite | Reference Manager | RefWorks
Send citation to:
Khajeh M, Kakavand Araghi S, Ebrahimi H, Khosravi A, bagheri H. COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF ECHINACEA, LISTERINE, AND CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASHES ON MICROBIAL FLORA AND SEVERITY OF ORAL HYGIENE DISORDERS IN MECHANICALLY VENTILATED PATIENTS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. Nursing and Midwifery Journal 2021; 19 (7) :516-526
URL: http://unmf.umsu.ac.ir/article-1-4465-en.html
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECT OF ECHINACEA, LISTERINE, AND CHLORHEXIDINE MOUTHWASHES ON MICROBIAL FLORA AND SEVERITY OF ORAL HYGIENE DISORDERS IN MECHANICALLY VENTILATED PATIENTS: A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL
Mahboobeh Khajeh1 , Simin Kakavand Araghi2 , Hossein Ebrahimi3 , Ahmad Khosravi4 , Hossein Bagheri * 5
1- Student Research Committee, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
2- Clinical Trial Research Center, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
3- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
4- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran
5- Department of Nursing, School of Nursing and Midwifery, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran (Corresponding Author
Abstract:   (2741 Views)
Background & Aims: One of the most important duties of a nurse is oral care of anesthetized patients that can prevent many complications. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the effect of mouthwashes (echinacea, listerine and chlorhexidine) on the microbial flora and the severity of oral health disorders in intensive care units. Materials & Methods: This study was a clinical trial in which 180 patients in the intensive care unit of Imam Hossein and Shohada Tajrish hospitals in Tehran in 2020 were studied. Individuals with a level of consciousness less than 8, with an endotracheal tube, within the age range of 15-65 years, were assigned into three groups of 60 people by randomized hexagonal blocking method. To collect the data, in addition to the saliva sample test, the "tooth value" (BOAS) was used and each of the mouthwashes of Echinacea, Listerine, and Chlorhexidine were used twice a day for the patients in the groups and after a weekthe data were collected. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software. Results: The results showed that there was a statistically significant difference between the three groups in terms of the frequency of positive and negative bacterial cultures before and after the intervention. In addition, the use of mouthwashes changed the severity of oral hygiene disorders from moderate to mild (p
Keywords: Intensive Care Unit, Oral Hygiene, Mouthwash, Chlorhexidine, Listerine, Echinacea
Full-Text [PDF 576 kb]   (794 Downloads)    
Type of Study: Research | Subject: پرستاری
References
1. Munro CL, Grap MJ. Oral health and care in the intensive care unit: state of the science. Am J Crit Care 2004;13(1):25-34. [DOI:10.4037/ajcc2004.13.1.25]
2. Rello J, Koulenti D, Blot S, Sierra R, Diaz E, De Waele JJ, et al. Oral care practices in intensive care units: a survey of 59 European ICUs. Intensive Care Med 2007;33(6):1066-70. [DOI:10.1007/s00134-007-0605-3]
3. Stern A, Skalsky K, Avni T, Carrara E, Leibovici L, Paul M. Corticosteroids for pneumonia. Database Syst Rev 2017;12(12):CD007720. [DOI:10.1002/14651858.CD007720.pub3]
4. Bagheri-Nesami M, Rezai MS, Ahangarkani F, Rafiei A, Nikkhah A, Eslami G, et al. Multidrug and co-resistance patterns of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacilli involved in ventilator-associated pneumonia carrying class 1 integron in the North of Iran. Germs 2017;7(3):123. [DOI:10.18683/germs.2017.1117]
5. Shafipour V, Haghighi A, Bagheri-Nesami M. The Impact of Oral Care in the Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Narrative Review. Iranian Journal of Nursing Research 2018;12(6):25-36. [DOI:10.21859/ijnr-12064]
6. Kalyani P, Leelavathi L. Comparison between the effect of plain water, herbal mouthwash, and chlorhexidine mouthwash on salivary pH. Drug Invention Today 2019;11(5). [URL]
7. Hanifi N, Masoumi M, Jamshidi MR, Faghihzadeh S. The Effect of Ozonated Water and Chlorhexidine Gluconate on Prevention of Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Clinical Trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J 2017;19(10). [DOI:10.5812/ircmj.60576]
8. Kim NY, Ryu S, Kim Y-H. Effects of oral care using chlorhexidine gluconate on ventilator-associated pneumonia and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Korean Journal of Adult Nursing 2019;31(2):109-22. [DOI:10.7475/kjan.2019.31.2.109]
9. Shiraishi A, Wakabayashi H, Yoshimura Y. Oral management in rehabilitation medicine: oral frailty, oral sarcopenia, and hospital-associated oral problems. J Nutr Health Aging 2020;24(10):1094-9. [DOI:10.1007/s12603-020-1439-8]
10. Motamedi S, Asghari A, Jahandideh A, Abedi G, Mortazavi P. Effects of Echinacea Purpurae Extract on Testicular Ischemia/Reperfusion (I/R) Injury in Rat. Iran J Vet Surg 2019;13(3):303-13. [URL]
11. Safarabadi M, Ghaznavi-Rad E, Pakniyat A, Rezaie K, Jadidi A. Comparing the effect of echinacea and chlorhexidine mouthwash on the microbial flora of intubated patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Iran J Nurs Midwifery Res 2017;22(6):481. [DOI:10.4103/ijnmr.IJNMR_92_16]
12. Marchetti E, Tecco S, Caterini E, Casalena F, Quinzi V, Mattei A, et al. Alcohol-free essential oils containing mouthrinse efficacy on three-day supragingival plaque regrowth: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Trials 2017;18(1):1-8. [DOI:10.1186/s13063-017-1901-z]
13. Alshehri FA. The use of mouthwash containing essential oils (LISTERINE®) to improve oral health: A systematic review. Saudi Dent J2018;30(1):2-6. [DOI:10.1016/j.sdentj.2017.12.004]
14. Moein N, Alavi FN, Salari A, Mojtahedi A, Tajer A. Effect of Listerine Mouthwash with Green Tea on the Inhibition of Streptococcus Mutans: A Microbiologic Study. Pesquisa Brasileira em Odontopediatria e Clínica Integrada. 2020;20. [DOI:10.1590/pboci.2020.106]
15. Gholami Mm, Khosravi S, Rezaie K, Malekianzadeh B, Ghorbanpour M, Moslemi A, et al. The effect of Echinacea mouthwash on ventilator associated pneumonia in patients in intensive care units. Medical - Surgical Nursing Journal 2015; 4(3):13-20. [Google Scholar]
16. Beck S. Impact of a systematic oral care protocol on stomatitis after chemotherapy. Cancer nurs 1979;2(3):185-200. [DOI:10.1097/00002820-197906000-00002]
17. Handa S, Chand S, Sarin J, Singh V, Sharma S. Effectiveness of oral care protocol on oral health status of hospitalised children admitted in intensive care units of selected hospital of Haryana. J Clin Nurs Midwifery 2014;10(1):8-15. [DOI:10.33698/NRF0170]
18. SafarAbadi M, Rezaei k, Ghaznavirad E. Comparing the effect of Echinacea and chlorhexidine mouthwash on oral health in patients hospitalized in intensive care units. J Complement Med Res 2012;2(3):222-34. [URL]
19. Berry A, Davidson PM, Masters J, Rolls K, Ollerton R. Effects of three approaches to standardized oral hygiene to reduce bacterial colonization and ventilator associated pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients: a randomised control trial. Int J Nurs Stud 2011;48(6):681-8. [DOI:10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2010.11.004]
20. Khezri HD, Zeydi AE, Firouzian A, Baradari AG, Mahmoodi G, Kiabi FH, et al. The importance of oral hygiene in prevention of ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP): a literature review. Int J Caring Sci 2014;7(1):12-23. [Google Scholar]
21. SafarAbadi M, Ghaznavirad E. Comparing the effect of Echinacea and chlorhexidine mouthwash on oral health in patients hospitalized in intensive care units. J Complement Med Res 2012;2(3):222-34. [URL]
22. DeRiso II AJ, Ladowski JS, Dillon TA, Justice JW, Peterson AC. Chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12% oral rinse reduces the incidence of total nosocomial respiratory infection and nonprophylactic systemic antibiotic use in patients undergoing heart surgery. Chest 1996;109(6):1556-61. [DOI:10.1378/chest.109.6.1556]
23. Grap MJ, Munro CL, Elswick Jr R, Sessler CN, Ward KR. Duration of action of a single, early oral application of chlorhexidine on oral microbial flora in mechanically ventilated patients: a pilot study. Heart Lung2004;33(2):83-91. [DOI:10.1016/j.hrtlng.2003.12.004]
24. Sajjan P, Laxminarayan N, Kar PP, Sajjanar M. Chlorhexidine as an antimicrobial agent in dentistry-a review. Oral Health and Dental Management 2016;15(2):93-100. [Google Scholar]
25. Weinstein RA, Milstone AM, Passaretti CL, Perl TM. Chlorhexidine: expanding the armamentarium for infection control and prevention. Clin Infect Dis 2008;46(2):274-81. [DOI:10.1086/524736]
26. Manipal S, Hussain S, Wadgave U, Duraiswamy P, Ravi K. The mouthwash war-chlorhexidine vs. herbal mouth rinses: A meta-analysis. J. clin. diagn. J Clin Diagn Res 2016;10(5):ZC81. [DOI:10.7860/JCDR/2016/16578.7815]
27. Haffajee AD, Yaskell T, Socransky SS. Antimicrobial effectiveness of an herbal mouthrinse compared with an essential oil and a chlorhexidine mouthrinse. J Am Dent Assoc 2008;139(5):606-11. [DOI:10.14219/jada.archive.2008.0222]
28. Schapowal A, Klein P, Johnston SL. Echinacea reduces the risk of recurrent respiratory tract infections and complications: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Adv Ther 2015;32(3):187-200. [DOI:10.1007/s12325-015-0194-4]
29. Chao YFC, Chen YY, Wang KWK, Lee RP, Tsai H. Removal of oral secretion prior to position change can reduce the incidence of ventilator‐associated pneumonia for adult ICU patients: a clinical controlled trial study. J Clin Nurs 2009;18(1):22-8. [DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2007.02193.x]
30. Coffman HM, Rees CJ, Sievers AE, Belafsky PC. Proximal suction tracheotomy tube reduces aspiration volume. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2008;138(4):441-5. [DOI:10.1016/j.otohns.2007.11.013]
Add your comments about this article : Your username or Email:
CAPTCHA
Rights and permissions
Creative Commons License This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

© 2024 CC BY-NC 4.0 | Nursing And Midwifery Journal

Designed & Developed by : Yektaweb